Recently, we have demonstrated the pathomechanisms of ADSHE seizures such as nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia, nocturnal paroxysmal arousal and episodic nocturnal wandering, and cognitive impairment, as well as pathophysiology of CBZ-resistant/ZNS-sensitive ADSHE seizures, using a genetic ADSHE model rat, namely S286L transgenic rat (S286L-TG), bearing the missense S286L-mutation in the rat Chrna4 gene, which corresponds to the S284L-mutation in the human CHRNA4 [21,22,23]. The gene discussed is CHRNA4; the disease is Cognitive impairment.