INS and Hypoglycemia: Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose concentrations fall below the glycemic threshold of 3.9 mmol/L or ~ 70 mg/dL,11 upon which "a sequence of responses is activated that includes release of neuroendocrine hormones (also called counterregulatory or anti-insulin hormones), stimulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and production of neurogenic and neuroglycopenic symptoms to protect the brain and limit systematic effects of hypoglycemia" (Briscoe and Davis 2006, p. 115).