TGFB1 and cancer: In certain cancers, increased expression of TGF-β1 and its pathway might reduce the production of NK cytokines and CD16 receptor18,25, increase CD16 expression77,80, downregulate the primary cytotoxicity receptor of NK cells25,90, functionally inactivate NK and cytotoxic T cells88,119,120, or decrease the suppressor effectiveness of NK cells121.