IL4 and diabetes mellitus: In DM cases, seven cytokines were significantly up-regulated post-VR surgery that include, IL4 (p = 0.019), IL5 (p = 0.05), IL9 (p = 0.028), FGF basic (p = 0.019) that are anti-inflammatory and IL15 (p = 0.048), GMCSF (p = 0.032), IFNg (p = 0.048), which are pro-inflammatory cytokines (Fig 3a).