For example, reports from us and other groups showed that ATE1 is often downregulated in high grade cancer cases and is associated with poorer outcomes (Rai et al., 2015; Birnbaum et al., 2019), and that an inhibition of ATE1-mediated arginylation confers cancer cell resistance to apoptosis-induced by radiation (Masdehors et al., 2000). This evidence concerns the gene ATE1 and cancer.