Moreover, bulk IgG1 and IgM levels were significantly higher in HIV/TB-coinfected individuals compared with individuals with ATB or LTBI alone (Fig. 1A and F), and IgG3 and IgA levels were significantly higher in LTBI/HIV+ individuals than in LTBI/HIV− individuals (Fig. 1C and E). Here, IGHG3 is linked to tuberculosis.