Sensitivity analyses (with exclusion of possible pre-existing diabetes cases [FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or 2hPG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L], mothers who received insulin treatment for GDM, hypertensive disorders, and small-for-gestational-age infants) yielded similar results for birthweight, birthweight z-score and AAT (Electronic Supplementary Material [ESM] Tables 1–8). Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.