In the validation cohort, longer OS was observed for patients with high infiltration of CD8+ immune cells, (p = 0.024), patients with high expression of stromal CD8+ immune cells (p = 0.007), patients with high infiltration of stromal and tumour-infiltrating CD8+ immune cells (p = 0.008) and patients with high stromal infiltration of both PD-1+ and CD8+ immune cells (p = 0.027, Supplementary Fig. 1; Table 3). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.