IL10 and inflammatory bowel disease: derived from IBD patients, induces Th1-type intestinal inflammation in IL10–/– mice.166 Furthermore, abnormal T cell and B cell adaptive immunity can be transmitted to GF mice from infant-harbored microbiome born to IBD-prone mothers.167 Increasing knowledge on molecular impacts of distinct commensals and their small-molecule products on the clinical features of IBD may enable the development of future targeted interventions.