PINK1 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: For example, PINK1 was identified as a protective factor for ccRCC, the signal pathways of “TGF-β signal pathway,” “mTOR signal pathway,” “VEGF signal pathway” are up-regulated in high-expression group (namely, relatively low risk group) of PINK1, and “Homologous recombination” down-regulated in high-expression group of PINK1. The result was in accordance with the conclusions given in the next portion that low-risk group may response better to therapies targeting VEGF1, VEGF3, mTOR.