For example, ultraviolet and H2O2 treatment generates ceramide, which activates AMPK [58], while short-chain ceramides inhibit Nrf2 activation [34], and knock out of acid ceramidase 3 augments C18:1-ceramide levels, which alleviates early inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis in a mouse model of NASH [59]. This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.