CCL2 and inflammatory bowel disease: Incubation of IBD-derived organ cultures with L. paracasei supernatants resulted instead in a significant reduction in TNF-α production as well as in most of the cytokines and chemokines involved in the pathology of IBD, including chemokine (C-C motif) ligands (CCL)-4, CCL2, IFN-γ and IL23p40 [140].