IFNGR1 and infection: However, IFN-I responses are also immunosuppressive during infections with several intracellular pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes and M. tuberculosis. Thereby, IFNs-I sensitize several immune cell types to bacterial virulence factors and elicit apoptosis, suppress macrophage activation by inducing the downregulation of IFNγR expression, inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, or downregulate iNOS expression (Calame et al., 2016, Dhariwala and Anderson, 2014, Donovan et al., 2017, Snyder et al., 2017, Toledo Pinto et al., 2018).