In MPS canine models, interleukin 6-like cytokine oncostatin M resulted to be increased in the aorta of MPS I and MPS VII dogs, and tumor necrosis factor-α and toll-like receptor 4 were increased in MPS VII dog aortas, suggesting that these cytokines could contribute to the upregulation of the elastases [41]. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and Scheie syndrome.