NGF and Low back pain: This model using multiple NGF injections may also reflect how muscle injury and inflammation can lead to increases in NGF, which may act through mechanisms like nociceptive (hyperalgesic) priming to change the phenotypic expression of neurons and result in a greater likelihood of reoccurrence or transition from acute to chronic LBP (Joseph and Levine, 2010; Hoheisel et al., 2013; Hoheisel and Mense, 2015).