VEGFA and neoplasm: Hypoxia induces tumor cells to secrete immunosuppressive molecules, such as transforming growth factor-β, VEGF, IL-10, CC-chemokine ligands, galectins, and COX-2, contributing to the generation and accumulation of M2-polarized TAMs, regulatory T cells and MDSCs, which suppress DCs and T cells in the TME and negatively regulate tumor antigen presentation [47].