In addition, to the evidences of the systemic higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in PBMC of T2DM patients34–37, our results suggest that the circulating lymphocytes and monocytes present a hyper-inflammatory state, together with lower levels of the CXCL8/IL8 expression, might contribute to the disturbance in the orchestration of the immune response in patients affected by these diseases. Here, TNF is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.