Anti PD-1 or anti PD-L1 antibodies are currently registered by the FDA for metastatic malignant melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell cancer, head and neck cancer, urothelial carcinoma and Hodgkin’s lymphoma in various stages of the respective disease and in the context of varying treatment histories [83]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.