TNF and diabetes mellitus: Persistent hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus patients may trigger increased inflammationin tissues (especially in pancreatic cells) due to responses to harmful stimuli or damage to cells.7 Pancreatic IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB cytokines play a crucial role inhyperglycemia-induced diabetic rats.36,48,49 Diabetic control rats showed an increased level of IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB.Conversely, these were ameliorated after the administration of diabetic rats withpolyphenolic-rich extract of A heterophyllus stem bark.