TNF and malignant colon neoplasm: A study on colon cancer-derived cells, HCT116, Caco-2, and SW480, treated with 20 nM 1,25-OHD for 24 h and followed by 100 ng/mL TNF-α for 12 h, revealed that vitamin D may maintain the intestinal epithelial barrier permeability by suppressing NF-κB activation [38].