Interestingly, the percentage of dHGP at the tumour–liver interface was negatively associated with the relative proportion of CD4+ T cells in tumour-free liver samples (β = −0.103, p = 0.021, Supplementary Fig. 4b), and positively associated with the CD8+/CD4+ ratio (β = 0.022, p = 0.026, Supplementary Fig. 4b). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.