VEGFA and Kaposi's sarcoma: Interestingly, VEGF and IL-8 are known to exert also a strong pro-angiogenetic effect31,32 and contribute to the pathogenesis of KS.33,34 On the other hand, we found that KSHV did not increase the production of IFN-γ, cytokine that when released by macrophages35 can act in an autocrine fashion and stimulate their killing activity.36 These results suggest that the KSHV infection altered the pattern of cytokine secretion by macrophages, increasing the release of immune suppressive and pro-tumorigenic cytokines.