BAL fluid analysis also shows that pulmonary fibrosis after SM exposure is associated with increased inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin (IL) -1α, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and tumor growth factor- beta1(TGF-β1).27-29. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is pulmonary fibrosis.