The inflammatory BPH microenvironment contains various secreted cytokines and chemokines, including CXCL5, CXCL6 and CXCL12, which are the direct NFκB target genes [22–24] and can promote the proliferation of both prostatic epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts [25–27]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL12 and benign prostatic hyperplasia.