Notably, upstream regulators predicted to govern transcriptional changes in pDCs during ZIKV infection included members of the tumor necrosis factor family, colony-stimulating factors (CSF1–3) and IL-4; for all of these cytokines, an involvement in transcriptional regulation of alternative cell populations was markedly less obvious (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Data 3). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and Zika virus infectious disease.