TNF and Zika virus infectious disease: Notably, upstream regulators predicted to govern transcriptional changes in pDCs during ZIKV infection included members of the tumor necrosis factor family, colony-stimulating factors (CSF1–3) and IL-4; for all of these cytokines, an involvement in transcriptional regulation of alternative cell populations was markedly less obvious (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Data 3).