IFNA1 and viral infectious disease: Finally, we sought to validate our hypothesis that ACE2 is upregulated in human epithelial cells during upper airway viral infections, which are known to induce a robust IFN response (Bailey et al., 2014, Everitt et al., 2012, Iwasaki and Pillai, 2014, Jewell et al., 2010, Russell et al., 2018, Steuerman et al., 2018).