We had previously noted a significantly enriched IFN-dominated gene signature in inferior turbinate secretory epithelial cells from both healthy and CRS donors compared with CRS samples from the ethmoid sinus, which were significantly enriched for interleukin-4 (IL-4)/IL-13 gene signatures (Giovannini-Chami et al., 2012, Ordovas-Montanes et al., 2018). The gene discussed is IL4; the disease is congenital rubella syndrome.