The loss of left-right dominance, with more frequent occurrence of a persisting right DA and a right aortic arch, as encountered in the mutant VEGF embryos, was also described in our human histopathology series [2] and also in patients with tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary artery atresia and the 22q11 deletion syndrome [32, 33, 40]. Here, VEGFA is linked to Pulmonary artery atresia.