Vaccination studies with plasmid-based Alphaviral vectors encoding TAAs have successfully demonstrated tumor regression and protection against challenges with tumor cells in animal tumor models.59 SFV- or VEEV-based Alphaviral vector particles encoding TAAs including the human papillomavirus E6,7 non-structural protein, the prostate specific membrane antigen PSMA or HER2/neu have been tested in clinical studies. This evidence concerns the gene ERBB2 and neoplasm.