AKT1 and cancer: Downstream p-AKT expression was found to be significantly increased in OSCC co-cultures of these same cancer cells lines at S473 (Figure 2A; p < 0.025) and T308 (Figure 2B; p < 0.02); suggesting the presence of MSCs in co-culture with JHU-012 and −019 results in activation of PDGFR-α/AKT mediated signaling pathways.