Moreover, TME expression of PDGFR-α has been shown to correlate with a worse prognosis in patients with prostate, breast, ovarian, non-small cell lung cancer and osteosarcoma and we have preliminary data that suggests the TME PDGFR-α may bear prognostic significance in OSCC (4, 35, 39, 40), cancers previous described to have reactive stromal microenvironments implicated in disease progression (41, 42). Here, PDGFRA is linked to cancer.