PPIB and hepatitis B virus infection: Similarly, the Global Advisory Group of the Expanded program on Immunization recommended the integration of hepatitis B vaccine into national immunization systems in all countries with a hepatitis B carrier prevalence (HBsAg) of 8% or greater by 1995 and in all countries by 1997 [32, 33] which hence could also be a contributing factor for the low-intermediate prevalence recorded since these guidelines have been duly inculcated into the health policy management by Ghana Health Service.