CST3 and acute kidney injury: Previous studies have demonstrated that neutrophil gelatinase lipocalin-2 (NGAL), cystatin C, interleukin 18 (IL18), kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM1), and beta-2 microglobulin (β2M) are more sensitive early biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) compared with serum creatinine [10, 12–17] and are better at predicting adverse clinical outcomes [18–20].