CTNNB1 and lung carcinoma: Moreover, mutations in CTNNB1 are related to several human malignancies, such as colorectal cancer (Klaus and Birchmeier, 2008), lung cancer (Schou et al., 2001), HNSC (Jerhammar et al., 2010), and KIRC (Hirata et al., 2012), although it is a rarely mutated gene.