Higher CA level was also reported to positively associate with the increased Treg cytokine IL-10, enhance the generation of Foxp3+ Treg cells, reduce the AD-related CCL2 expression by recruiting fewer innate immune cells from the blood to intestine, and down-regulate the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β (48). Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.