CSF2 and melanoma: Firstly, for CTLA-4 combination, a randomized, open-label phase II study carried out by Chesney et al. in 2018 evaluated the efficacy and safety of a GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) encoding T-VEC combined with CTLA-4 targeting Ipilimumab among patients with locally unresected melanoma.