PDCD1 and neoplasm: A preclinical study published in by Bourgeois et al. and a window-of-opportunity clinical study published by Samson et al. both in 2018 demonstrated that the early delivery of oncolytic Maraba rhabdovirus and reovirus coupled with subsequent surgical resection and PD-1 inhibitors provided increased cytotoxic T cell tumor infiltration and long-term survival benefits in a refractory TNBC (triple-negative breast cancer) mouse model and brain tumor patients (59, 60).