In prostate cancer mouse models, a prime-boost viral-vector vaccination, which included an adenovirus ChAdOx1 and modified vaccinia Ankara virus MVA encoded with prostate cancer-associated antigens, induced strong antigen-specific CD8 + T cell responses and significantly improved survival in tumor-bearing mice when combined with a PD-1 blocking antibody (136). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and Familial prostate cancer.