TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Specifically, TNF-α was produced in 25.3% on average of THP-1 cells in the presence of RA-CMRhigh; in contrast, only did 1.36% of RA-CMFs-stimulated THP-1 cells, displaying 18.6-fold difference in the ability of inducing intracellular TNF-α production (Figure 4B).