INS and Insulin resistance: In fact, it seems to be a notion that sometimes, and probably at the early stages of the disease, insulin resistance can be present in the absence of decreased insulin signaling [for a review see Fazakerley et al. (55)] with some authors showing evidences that the impairment in insulin action is independent of proximal elements of the insulin signaling pathway, but rather likely specific to the glucoregulatory branch of insulin signaling (55).