Moreover, in Drosophila and mammalian models of PD, it has been reported that TRAP1 overexpression fully rescues mitochondrial impairments associated with phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) loss of function, but only partially those induced by Parkin mutation (Costa et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2013), suggesting that TRAP1 acts downstream of PINK1 and in parallel to Parkin. This evidence concerns the gene PRKN and Parkinson disease.