Although the direct causal relation between FGF2 and renal fibrosis has not been demonstrated yet, FGF2 is associated with TGFβ-induced proliferation of renal fibroblast, together with the induction of other profibrotic signaling molecules including Wnt4 and TNF-α (Anderson et al., 1985; Strutz et al., 2001). Here, TGFB1 is linked to renal fibrosis.