TP53 and cancer: We found that apoptosis imbalance in CAC is closely related to anti-cancer gene mutations (TP53, APC, etc.)that are caused by oxidative stress occurrence and the abnormal signaling transductions of multiple pathways (such as MAPK, NF-κ B, and JAK/STAT) as well as the elevated expressions of anti-apoptotic proteins (such as Bcl-2/Xl, XIAP, and c-FLIP).