In addition, Song et al. reported that aged VSMCs exhibit a higher secretion of interleukin-6 and upregulation of chemokines CCL2, ICAM-1, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) compared with young patients, which generated a proinflammatory environment and further promoted atherosclerosis progression [37]. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and atherosclerosis.