For example, lung antigen BPIFB1 autoantibodies, which are used to assess people with APS1 for risk of interstitial lung disease, were discovered first in Aire-deficient mice using a combination of targeted immunoblotting, tissue microscopy, and mass spectrometry (Shum et al., 2009; Shum et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene AIRE and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1.