In contrast, the diabetes-associated antigens GAD65 and INS did not meet these stringent detection criteria and only weak signal was detected to many of the known interferon autoantibody targets known to be present in many people with APS1, perhaps due to the conformational nature of these autoantigens (Figure 1B and Figure 1—figure supplement 1; Björk et al., 1994; Meager et al., 2006; Meyer et al., 2016; Wolff et al., 2013; Ziegler et al., 1996). This evidence concerns the gene INS and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1.