However, in both vivo and vitro in lung cancer, Hanako Suzuki revealed that exogenous PDPN had no influence on tumor growth, and PDPN significantly restrained axillary lymph node metastasis associated with the suppression of lymphangiogenesis through the downregulation of EBC-1-derived VEGF-C mRNAs [33]. Here, VEGFC is linked to neoplasm.