CCL2 and infection: For this purpose, cells were stimulated with either heat-killed B. abortus (HKBA), or LPS or outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from this bacterium, and chemokine levels were measured at 48 h p.i. As shown in Figure 5, HKBA (at 109 CFU/mL) elicited IL-8 and MCP-1 secretion by T-HESC cells, albeit at lower levels than those attained by the infection.