To confirm the results from WGBS, the methylation levels of CpG sites in promoter regions of PPARα, INS, CAMK2B, and PIK3R5, key genes in NAFLD, type II diabetes mellitus, insulin secretion, and cAMP signaling pathways, were determined using target next-generation bisulfite sequencing (tNGBS) (Figure 5). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.