There were no significant differences in sex ratio, age, ethnicity, BMI, waist circumference, and number of subjects with diabetes, hypertension, obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), cardio-vascular events, and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), or statins between subjects with a lower versus normal vit D levels. Here, ACE is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.