Since ERK signaling pathway can increase both tumor invasiveness and TGF-β gene expression (28, 29), stimulating the DR2 signaling pathway with the help of physical training can result in cAMP decrease and suppression of ERK1/ERK2 activities (30), and consequently down-regulation of TGF-β and Smad3 in animal models (31). Here, SMAD3 is linked to neoplasm.