They proposed a new paradigm in the treatment of sepsis: the individualized evaluation of the patient’s immunoinflammatory status/risk of death followed by therapy directed only to the appropriate group.(7) In clinical trials, immunomodulation with anti-TNF did not show any significant decrease in mortality,(26) but if patients were stratified by baseline levels of IL-6, a reduction in mortality was reported in the patients with elevated IL-6 levels.(9,27,28) This concept is also applied to other critical illnesses. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Sepsis.