Different vaccine adjuvants can stimulate Th1 (e.g. MF59 [squalene based] + CpG [TLR9 agonist]) vs. Th2 (e.g. MF59 alone) responses to influenza vaccination according to the relative degree of Th1 production of IFNγ vs. Th2 production of IL-5; these actions contribute to antibody and cell-mediated protection against influenza [98]. The gene discussed is TLR9; the disease is influenza.