AHR and cancer: Interestingly, women are more capable than men of metabolizing ALA to EPA and DHA40, and CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression in the lungs of women smokers (i.e. under inducing conditions) is considerably greater than in the lungs of smoking men41,42, further suggesting that the effects of dietary ω3 PUFA may be more effective in inhibiting AHR-dependent cancer progression in females than males.