MS4A1 and cancer: Importantly, though TIMER excludes MS4A1 gene expression for TIL-B calculation, we still observed high correlations between MS4A1 and TIL-B levels in HNSCC (R = 0.87, P < 2.2e−16), and 23 additional cancers (Pearson R > 0.2, P  < 0.05) (Fig. 1g), indicating the robustness of TIMER in TIL-B computation across cancers.